lunes, 11 de abril de 2011

Vocabulary Concepts of Chapter 13-14

1. adenine:  A purine; a nitrogen-containing base in certain nucleotides.


2. bacteriophage : Category of viruses that infect bacterial cells.

3. cloning:Making a genetically identical copy of DNA or of an organism.

4.    cytosine: Pyrimidine;one of the nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides.

5.  deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) : The molecule of inheritance.

6. DNA ligase:  Enzyme that seals new base-pairings during DNA replication.

7.     DNA polymerase: Enzyme of replication and repair that assembles a new strand of DNA on a parent DNA template.

8. DNA repair: Enzyme-mediated process that fixes small-scale alterations in a DNA strand by restoring the original base sequence.

9.  DNA replication:  Any process by which a cell duplicates its DNA molecules before dividing.

10.  guanine: Nitrogen-containing base in nucleotide monomers of DNA or RNA.

11.   nucleotide: Small organic compound with deoxyribose (a five-carbon sugar), a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

12.   thymine: A nitrogen-containing base; one of the nucleotides in DNA.

13.   x-ray diffraction image: Pattern that forms on film exposed to x-rays that have been directed at a molecule.

14.   anticodon: Series of three nucleotide bases in tRNA; can base-pair with an mRNA codon.

15.  base sequence: Sequential order of bases in a DNA or RNA strand.

16.  base-pair substitution  One amino acid has replaced another during protein synthesis.

17. carcinogen:  Any substance or agent that can trigger cancer.

18.   codon: One of 64 possible base triplets in an mRNA strand.

19.    deletion: At cytological level, loss of a segment from a chromosome. At molecular level, loss of one to a few base pairs from a DNA molecule.

20.   exon:One of the base sequences of an mRNA transcript that will become translated.

21.   gene mutation: A small-scale change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.

22.   genetic code: The correspondence between nucleotide triplets in DNA  and specific sequences of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

23.   insertion: Insertion of one to a few bases into a DNA strand.

24.    intron   A noncoding portion of a pre-mRNA transcript.

25.   ionizing radiation: High-energy wavelengths.

26. mRNA (messenger RNA):  A single strand of ribonucleotides transcribed from DNA, then translated into a polypeptide chain.

27.   mutation rate: Of a gene locus, the probability that a spontaneous mutation will occur during or between DNA replication cycles.























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